Costcos Functions of Leadership Free Essay Example, 2000 words

The functions of leadership can be considered as the prime and foremost aspect that depicts organizational performances, capabilities as well as credibility within the business environment. The leadership functions also enable the organizations to adequately perform various important tasks in order to accomplish their respective business goals. The business leaders of any organization play a decisive part in adopting valuable decisions in various circumstances and formulating effective plans in order to accomplish organizational objectives. With this concern, it can be stated that the managers or leaders need to perform superior roles other than planning or organizing. The leader further needs to incorporate the skills of motivating, communicating, encouraging and guiding the subordinates to effectively comply with the organizational targets. The functions of a manager or a leader further encompass various activities such as conflict handling, problem-solving as well as providing ad equate support to effectively accomplish the organizational objectives (Lewis, Goodman, Fandt Michlitsch, 2007). In relation to the leading functions that are performed in Costco, it has been observed that the managers of the organization possess effective leadership skills that ultimately enhance its operational effectiveness at large. We will write a custom essay sample on Costco's Functions of Leadership or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now The managers of the organization are likely to make appropriate decisions concerning any issue that can hinder the performance of the organization. The leaders of the organization are highly dedicated to performing multiple roles that enable them to achieve desired business targets in the highly competitive retail industry. The leaders of the organization are also likely to perform various other functions such as workforce planning, training, and development, recruitment and selection, remuneration as well as performance appraisal of the workers. With this regard, it can be stated that the leaders of Costco are further observing to be the major group of individuals in terms of playing effective decisional as well as informational roles.

The Power of Language Essay examples - 1074 Words

The Power of Language Language plays an important role in communication by bringing people together and enriching their relationships. Language can also alienate those who do not speak it properly, or at all, from those who do. The essays, Mother Tongue, by Amy Tan, best known for her book, The Joy Luck Club, and Se Habla Espanol, by Tanya Barrientos, delve into the many powers that language holds. These essays reflect how by not speaking a language in proper form and by not speaking a language at all, affects the lives of the subjects of the stories. People who can speak a certain language, but only in ‘broken’ form, are generally looked down upon by native language speakers. In her writing, Mother Tongue, Amy Tan writes about her†¦show more content†¦However, many Hispanic families were and in some cases, still are viewed as lower-class citizens. According to Barrientos, â€Å"To me, speaking Spanish translated into being poor. It meant waiting tables and cleaning hotel rooms. It meant being left off the cheerleading squad and receiving a condescending smile from the guidance counselor when you said you planned on becoming a lawyer or a doctor† (561). They are not respected in a lot of communities, they live dirty, and they have bad jobs. These stereotypes are reasons why Barrientos did not want to be called Mexican and never wanted to learn Spanish. If diversity had been celebrated when Barrientos was a child, as it is celebrated and honored now, she would have grown up speaking Spanish and being pr oud of her heritage. Children are very impressionable and tend to take on others’ opinions as their own, but as they grow older, they develop a greater understanding and perspective of the way things are and the way they should be. As adults, both Tan and Barrientos learned to accept and embrace the languages that previously embarrassed them. Barrientos immersed herself in her Mexican heritage and enrolled in many Spanish classes. With each enrollment, she faced yet another stereotype that came with being of Mexican ethnicity; her instructors thought she should already know Spanish since she was Latina. Barrientos is now determined to learn her native language. Tan has learned to love the way inShow MoreRelatedLanguage : The Power Of Language1575 Words   |  7 PagesThe Power Of Language What is the meaning of language? How big the role of language in your life? Have you ever realize the impact of language in your life? In my opinion, language is not as simple as people seen in general. Usually the way people see language just as a tool for communicating with others. For me, behind the general usage of language, it also has a big role in our life because a language has the power to stand and show each person’s identity. Inside the Gloria Anzaldua’s essay â€Å"HowRead MoreThe Power of Language1300 Words   |  6 PagesThe Power of Language Bob Jones 11-19-96 period 3 Mrs. Fox Of all possible human qualities, the one that wields the most power is the ability to use, understand and communicate effectively through language. A proficient use of language allows us to clearly communicate an exact idea from one person to another person or group of people. This precise science of being able to convey exactly what you want equates to the acquisition of power. An important link betweenRead MoreThe Power Of Language1464 Words   |  6 PagesThe Power of Language Language is often defined   as a system of communication, a way for humans to interact with one another. Language itself can hold a great amount of power. It can express one s emotion, show love or hate, and could give meaning. For example an object has no identification unless the power of language is wielded to provide it a name based on its ability and function. Language often has a great influence on culture and religion. This is shown greatly in the cultures of the HebrewsRead MoreThe Power Of Language1931 Words   |  8 PagesNathalie Gregoire Professor Gladstone English 150 The Power Of Language In 1441 a nightmare was rained upon in african. For the first time, the life of slavery breathed on their land. tribes were torn apart and death was seen as the enemy. The europeans took the african people in shackles and forced them on a boat. for days and nights they sat crammed in one spot. dirt became part of their skin and bitterness tainted their hearts. many were hungry due to lack of food and sick due toRead More The Power of Language Essay793 Words   |  4 Pages The Power of Language nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;If I say that I am currently employed with a major petroleum distribution center, you may think that I am a highly qualified person making limitless amounts of money. However, I am using the power of language to merely say that I work at a gas station making minimum wage. Great historical figures throughout history have used the power of language, the ability to use words to their advantage, to inspire people to unite under one common cause andRead MoreEssay on The Power Of Language1283 Words   |  6 Pages The Power of Language nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Of all possible human qualities, the one that wields the most power is the ability to use, understand and communicate effectively through language. A proficient use of language allows us to clearly communicate an exact idea from one person to another person or group of people. This precise science of being able to convey exactly what you want equates to the acquisition of power. An important link between language and power is persuasionRead MorePower Of Language In Lolita816 Words   |  4 Pagescapability to withhold information, exaggerate, belittle, and overall use the power of language to subdue the reader to perceive the story as they see fit. Once the reader begins the story under a characters narration, they are submissive to hear the story in which ever way the narrator wishes to provide the events. Lolita is narrated by the unlawful pedophile himself- Humbert Humbert- who constantly uses the power of language, which allows him to trick the reader to succumb to his wanted perceptionRead MoreEnglish AS Language Essay - Language and Power958 Words   |  4 Pagesfrom language study, explore how written language is used to assert power Text H is a poster which displays the rules and information to students taking or entering an exam. It also is for the use of the invigilators, to inform them of the rules as well as the candidates. This poster will be shown right across the country to students preparing to take an exam. This is done to make sure there is regularity and equality everywhere, so that nowhere has different rules. The text asserts power usingRead MorePower Of Language Essay1390 Words   |  6 Pageslife and joy. Language is a very powerful tool used by everyone. Our language and the words we use every day have power to change lives and our world. Language is defined as a â€Å"method of communication, either spoken or written, consisting of the use of words in a structured or conventional way (Google Dictionary).† Whether structured papers or rambling thoughts, everything we think has power because of language. Looking through the history and rules of language, we can see how language can change,Read MoreThe Power And Ethics Of Language1748 Words   |  7 PagesThe Power and Ethics of Language It was April 2010. David Cameron and Gordon Brown were the political frontrunners of Great Britain. However, that realization was irrelevant with what was about to happen. Everyone was watching as the highly-anticipated, first televised debates in the United Kingdom began. The discourse ended after several hours, and a new candidate quickly emerged as the leader. His name was Nick Clegg. He led the Liberal Democrats, the smallest party. One might think about it over

Social Responsibility of Business to Increase Its Profit free essay sample

Respond to the position made by Milton Freedman on corporate social responsibility at this site (if this does not connect directly please  copy and past on a separate web page on the URL line): http://www. ethicsinbusiness. net/case-studies/the-social-responsibility-of-business-is-to-increase-its-profits/ Do you agree or disagree with Friedmans position? Why? What is most positive about his position? What is most negative about his position? This was written in 1970, does it apply in todays global/high tech  economy? Why or why not? The Social Responsibility of Business is to Increase its Profits * An Executive Summary – The Social Responsibility of Business it to Increase its Profits The Social Responsibility of Business is to Increase its Profits by Milton Friedman The New York Times Magazine, September 13, 1970. Copyright @ 1970 by The New York Times Company. When I hear businessmen speak eloquently about the â€Å"social responsibilities of business in a free-enterprise system,† I am reminded of the wonderful line about the Frenchman who discovered at the age of 70 that he had been speaking prose all his life. The businessmen believe that they are defending free en ­terprise when they declaim that business is not concerned â€Å"merely† with profit but also with promoting desirable â€Å"social† ends; that business has a â€Å"social conscience† and takes seriously its responsibilities for providing em ­ployment, eliminating discrimination, avoid ­ing pollution and whatever else may be the catchwords of the contemporary crop of re ­formers. In fact they are–or would be if they or anyone else took them seriously–preach ­ing pure and unadulterated socialism. Busi ­nessmen who talk this way are unwitting pup ­pets of the intellectual forces that have been undermining the basis of a free society these past decades. The discussions of the â€Å"social responsibili ­ties of business† are notable for their analytical looseness and lack of rigor. What does it mean to say that â€Å"business† has responsibilities? Only people can have responsibilities. A corporation is an artificial person and in this sense may have artificial responsibilities, but â€Å"business† as a whole cannot be said to have responsibilities, even in this vague sense. The first step toward clarity in examining the doctrine of the social responsibility of business is to ask precisely what it implies for whom. Presumably, the individuals who are to be responsible are businessmen, which means in ­dividual proprietors or corporate executives. Most of the discussion of social responsibility is directed at corporations, so in what follows I shall mostly neglect the individual proprietors and speak of corporate executives. In a free-enterprise, private-property sys ­tem, a corporate executive is an employee of the owners of the business. He has direct re ­sponsibility to his employers. That responsi ­bility is to conduct the business in accordance with their desires, which generally will be to make as much money as possible while con ­forming to the basic rules of the society, both those embodied in law and those embodied in ethical custom. Of course, in some cases his employers may have a different objective. A group of persons might establish a corporation for an eleemosynary purpose–for exam ­ple, a hospital or a school. The manager of such a corporation will not have money profit as his objective but the rendering of certain services. In either case, the key point is that, in his capacity as a corporate executive, the manager is the agent of the individuals who own the corporation or establish the eleemosynary institution, and his primary responsibility is to them. Needless to say, this does not mean that it is easy to judge how well he is performing his task. But at least the criterion of performance is straightforward, and the persons among whom a voluntary contractual arrangement exists are clearly defined. Of course, the corporate executive is also a person in his own right. As a person, he may have many other responsibilities that he rec ­ognizes or assumes voluntarily–to his family, his conscience, his feelings of charity, his church, his clubs, his city, his country. He ma}. feel impelled by these responsibilities to de ­vote part of his income to causes he regards as worthy, to refuse to work for particular corpo ­rations, even to leave his job, for example, to join his country’s armed forces. Ifwe wish, we may refer to some of these responsibilities as â€Å"social responsibilities. But in these respects he is acting as a principal, not an agent; he is spending his own money or time or energy, not the money of his employers or the time or energy he has contracted to devote to their purposes. If these are â€Å"social responsibili ­ties,† they are the social responsibilities of in ­dividuals, not of business. What does it mean to say that the corpo ­rate executive has a â€Å"social responsibility† in his capa city as businessman? If this statement is not pure rhetoric, it must mean that he is to act in some way that is not in the interest of his employers. For example, that he is to refrain from increasing the price of the product in order to contribute to the social objective of preventing inflation, even though a price in crease would be in the best interests of the corporation. Or that he is to make expendi ­tures on reducing pollution beyond the amount that is in the best interests of the cor ­poration or that is required by law in order to contribute to the social objective of improving the environment. Or that, at the expense of corporate profits, he is to hire â€Å"hardcore† un ­employed instead of better qualified available workmen to contribute to the social objective of reducing poverty. In each of these cases, the corporate exec ­utive would be spending someone else’s money for a general social interest. Insofar as his actions in accord with his â€Å"social responsi ­bility† reduce returns to stockholders, he is spending their money. Insofar as his actions raise the price to customers, he is spending the customers’ money. Insofar as his actions lower the wages of some employees, he is spending their money. The stockholders or the customers or the employees could separately spend their own money on the particular action if they wished to do so. The executive is exercising a distinct â€Å"social responsibility,† rather than serving as an agent of the stockholders or the customers or the employees, only if he spends the money in a different way than they would have spent it. But if he does this, he is in effect imposing taxes, on the one hand, and deciding how the tax proceeds shall be spent, on the other. This process raises political questions on two levels: principle and consequences. On the level of political principle, the imposition of taxes and the expenditure of tax proceeds are gov ­ernmental functions. We have established elab ­orate constitutional, parliamentary and judicial provisions to control these functions, to assure that taxes are imposed so far as possible in ac ­cordance with the preferences and desires of the public–after all, â€Å"taxation without repre ­sentation† was one of the battle cries of the American Revolution. We have a system of checks and balances to separate the legisla ­tive function of imposing taxes and enacting expenditures from the executive function of collecting taxes and administering expendi ­ture programs and from the judicial function of mediating disputes and interpreting the law. Here the businessman–self-selected or appointed directly or indirectly by stockhold ­ers–is to be simultaneously legislator, execu ­tive and, jurist. He is to decide whom to tax by how much and for what purpose, and he is to spend the proceeds–all this guided only by general exhortations from on high to restrain inflation, improve the environment, fight poverty and so on and on. The whole justification for permitting the corporate executive to be selected by the stockholders is that the executive is an agent serving the interests of his principal. This jus ­tification disappears when the corporate ex ­ecutive imposes taxes and spends the pro ­ceeds for â€Å"social† purposes. He becomes in effect a public employee, a civil servant, even though he remains in name an employee of a private enterprise. On grounds of political principle, it is intolerable that such civil ser ­vants–insofar as their actions in the name of social responsibility are real and not just win ­dow-dressing–should be selected as they are now. If they are to be civil servants, then they must be elected through a political process. If they are to impose taxes and make expendi ­tures to foster â€Å"social† objectives, then politi ­cal machinery must be set up to make the as ­sessment of taxes and to determine through a political process the objectives to be served. This is the basic reason why the doctrine of â€Å"social responsibility† involves the acceptance of the socialist view that political mechanisms, not market mechanisms, are the appropriate way to determine the allocation of scarce re ­sources to alternative uses. On the grounds of consequences, can the corporate executive in fact discharge his al ­leged â€Å"social responsibilities? † On the other hand, suppose he could get away with spending the stockholders’ or customers’ or employees’ money. How is he to know how to spend it? He is told that he must contribute to fighting inflation. How is he to know what ac ­tion of his will contribute to that end? He is presumably an expert in running his company–in producing a product or selling it or financing it. But nothing about his selection makes him an expert on inflation. Will his hold ­ ing down the price of his product reduce infla ­tionary pressure? Or, by leaving more spending power in the hands of his customers, simply divert it elsewhere? Or, by forcing him to produce less because of the lower price, will it simply contribute to shortages? Even if he could an ­swer these questions, how much cost is he justi ­fied in imposing on his stockholders, customers and employees for this social purpose? What is his appropriate share and what is the appropri ­ate share of others? And, whether he wants to or not, can he get away with spending his stockholders’, cus ­tomers’ or employees’ money? Will not the stockholders fire him? (Either the present ones or those who take over when his actions in the name of social responsibility have re ­duced the corporation’s profits and the price of its stock. ) His customers and his employees can desert him for other producers and em ­ployers less scrupulous in exercising their so ­cial responsibilities. This facet of â€Å"social responsibility† doc ­ trine is brought into sharp relief when the doctrine is used to justify wage restraint by trade unions. The conflict of interest is naked and clear when union officials are asked to subordinate the interest of their members to some more general purpose. If the union offi ­cials try to enforce wage restraint, the consequence is likely to be wildcat strikes, rank ­-and-file revolts and the emergence of strong competitors for their jobs. We thus have the ironic phenomenon that union leaders–at least in the U. S. –have objected to Govern ­ment interference with the market far more consistently and courageously than have business leaders. The difficulty of exercising â€Å"social responsibility† illustrates, of course, the great virtue of private competitive enterprise–it forces people to be responsible for their own actions and makes it difficult for them to â€Å"exploit† other people for either selfish or unselfish purposes. They can do good–but only at their own expense. Many a reader who has followed the argu ­ment this far may be tempted to remonstrate that it is all well and good to speak of Government’s having the responsibility to im ­pose taxes and determine expenditures for such â€Å"social† purposes as controlling pollu ­tion or training the hard-core unemployed, but that the problems are too urgent to wait on the slow course of political processes, that the exercise of social responsibility by busi ­nessmen is a quicker and surer way to solve pressing current problems. Aside from the question of fact–I share Adam Smith’s skepticism about the benefits that can be expected from â€Å"those who affected to trade for the public good†Ã¢â‚¬â€œthis argument must be rejected on grounds of principle. What it amounts to is an assertion that those who favor the taxes and expenditures in question have failed to persuade a majority of their fellow citizens to be of like mind and that they are seeking to attain by undemocratic procedures what they cannot attain by democratic proce ­dures. In a free society, it is hard for â€Å"evil† people to do â€Å"evil,† especially since one an’s good is another’s evil. I have, for simplicity, concentrated on the special case of the corporate executive, ex ­cept only for the brief digression on trade unions. But precisely the same argument ap ­plies to the newer phenomenon of calling upon stockholders to require corporations to exercise social responsibility (the recent G. M crusade for example). In most of these cases, what is in effect involved is some stockholders trying to get other stockholders (or customers or employees) to contribute against their will to â€Å"social† causes favored by the activists. In ­sofar as they succeed, they are again imposing taxes and spending the proceeds. The situation of the individual proprietor is somewhat different. If he acts to reduce the returns of his enterprise in order to exercise his â€Å"social responsibility,† he is spending his own money, not someone else’s. If he wishes to spend his money on such purposes, that is his right, and I cannot see that there is any ob ­jection to his doing so. In the process, he, too, may impose costs on employees and cus ­tomers. However, because he is far less likely than a large corporation or union to have mo ­nopolistic power, any such side effects will tend to be minor. Of course, in practice the doctrine of social responsibility is frequently a cloak for actions that are justified on other grounds rather than a reason for those actions. To illustrate, it may well be in the long run interest of a corporation that is a major employer in a small community to devote resources to providing amenities to that community or to improving its government. That may make it easier to attract desirable employees, it may reduce the wage bill or lessen losses from pilferage and sabotage or have other worthwhile effects. Or it may be that, given the laws about the deductibility of corporate charitable contributions, the stockholders can contribute more to chari ­ties they favor by having the corporation make the gift than by doing it themselves, since they can in that way contribute an amount that would otherwise have been paid as corporate taxes. In each of these–and many similar–cases, there is a strong temptation to rationalize these actions as an exercise of â€Å"social responsibility. † In the present climate of opinion, with its wide spread aversion to â€Å"capitalism,† â€Å"profits,† the â€Å"soulless corporation† and so on, this is one way for a corporation to generate goodwill as a by-product of expenditures that are entirely justified in its own self-interest. It would be inconsistent of me to call on corporate executives to refrain from this yp ­ocritical window-dressing because it harms the foundations of a free society. That would be to call on them to exercise a â€Å"social re ­sponsibility†! If our institutions, and the atti ­tudes of the public make it in their self-inter ­est to cloak their actions in this way, I cannot summon much indignation to denounce them. At the same time, I can express admiration for those individual proprietors or owners of closely held corporations or stockholders of more broadly held corporations who disdain such tactics as approaching fraud. Whether blameworthy or not, the use of the cloak of social responsibility, and the nonsense spoken in its name by influential and presti ­gious businessmen, does clearly harm the foun ­dations of a free society. I have been impressed time and again by the schizophrenic character of many businessmen. They are capable of being extremely farsighted and clearheaded in matters that are internal to their businesses. They are incredibly shortsighted and muddle ­headed in matters that are outside their businesses but affect the possible survival of busi ­ness in general. This shortsightedness is strikingly exemplified in the calls from many businessmen for wage and price guidelines or controls or income policies. There is nothing that could do more in a brief period to destroy a market system and replace it by a centrally con ­trolled system than effective governmental con ­trol of prices and wages. The shortsightedness is also exemplified in speeches by businessmen on social respon ­sibility. This may gain them kudos in the short run. But it helps to strengthen the already too prevalent view that the pursuit of profits is wicked and immoral and must be curbed and controlled by external forces. Once this view is adopted, the external forces that curb the market will not be the social consciences, however highly developed, of the pontificating executives; it will be the iron fist of Government bureaucrats. Here, as with price and wage controls, businessmen seem to me to reveal a suicidal impulse. The political principle that underlies the market mechanism is unanimity. In an ideal free market resting on private property, no individual can coerce any other, all coopera ­tion is voluntary, all parties to such coopera ­tion benefit or they need not participate. There are no values, no â€Å"social† responsibilities in any sense other than the shared values and responsibilities of individuals. Society is a collection of individuals and of the various groups they voluntarily form. The political principle that underlies the political mechanism is conformity. The indi ­vidual must serve a more general social inter ­est–whether that be determined by a church or a dictator or a majority. The individual may have a vote and say in what is to be done, but if he is overruled, he must conform. It is appropriate for some to require others to contribute to a general social purpose whether they wish to or not. Unfortunately, unanimity is not always feasi ­ble. There are some respects in which conformity appears unavoidable, so I do not see how one can avoid the use of the political mecha ­nism altogether. But the doctrine of â€Å"social responsibility† taken seriously would extend the scope of the political mechanism to every human activity. It does not differ in philosophy from the most explicitly collectivist doctrine. It differs only by professing to believe that collectivist ends can be attained without collectivist means. That is why, in my book Capitalism and Freedom, I have called it a â€Å"fundamentally subversive doctrine† in a free society, and have said that in such a society, â€Å"there is one and only one social responsibility of business–to use it resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits so long as it stays within the rules of the game, which is to say, engages in open and free competition without deception or fraud. †

Literal Rule free essay sample

Using case law illustrations, explain how the literal rule of statutory interpretation operates and how the golden rule modifies the literal rule. Statutory interpretation is the process used by courts to interpret and apply legislation, although Acts of Parliament are written by expert draftsmen, the statute for the case before them may not be clear. Bennion (2005) has identified a number of issues that may cause uncertainty: The draftsman may refrain from using certain words as they think it has already been automatically implied, also the definition of the word can be broad which causes uncertainty ,the wording of the statute can be deficient due to a printing or a drafting error. There are three rules, courts use to interpret statutes, they are known as, The Literal Rule, The Golden Rule and The Mischief Rule. Under The Literal rule, words in a statute are given their plain, ordinary meaning even if it leads to an absurd ending; this was shown in R v City of London Court Judge (1892), Lord Esher said â€Å"If the words of an Act are clear you must follow them, even though they lead to manifest absurdity. We will write a custom essay sample on Literal Rule or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The court has nothing to do with the question whether the legislature has committed an absurdity†. Another case which illustrates the literal rule is Whitely V Chapell (1868), under a statute it is a offence to impersonate another person who is ‘entitled to vote’ in an election, D had used a dead person’s name to vote in an election, using the literal rule, D was acquitted as a dead person is not ‘entitled to vote. ’ If the words used in a statute are ambiguous and lead to an absurd outcome, courts are allowed to modify the meaning to avoid the problem; this is known as The Golden rule.

Yahoo Case Management Essay Example

Yahoo Case Management Essay Yahoo! is a digital media company that delivers digital content across the World Wide Web. Yahoo! operates across the globe reaching to the Americas, EMEA, and the Asia Pacific. They are headquartered in Sunnyvale, CA and currently employees 13,600 people at the end of the FY2010 year. Yahoo! ’s current mission is to connect people to their passions, their communities, and the world’s knowledge. Yahoo! rovide many different services to their users and a one stop place to browse the web, check email, look at the news, check current finances, and much more. They have a place for small businesses to keep track of emails and websites. Yahoo! gets most of their revenue through selling display and search advertising. Some of their current objectives and strategies are to provide their users with the most update and efficient information possible. They want their users to be happy and continue using their site to satisfy their needs. There are eleven people within Yahoo! s top management. Ross B. Levinsohn was named CEO after Scott Thompson resigned from his position as CEO. Thompson had fraudulent information on his resume and one of Yahoo! ’s third party member found it. Yahoo was in the process of suing Facebook for supposedly stealing patents from Yahoo!. Facebook is now countersuing Yahoo! , saying that Yahoo! was the one who stole the patents. Yahoo! ’s demographics stated that more men viewed Yahoo! than women. No matter what someone’s income was wasn’t a determinant of whether or not they used the site. The political and legal segments of the firm refer to the laws and regulations of companies that react in industries with competitor companies. These rules and regulations may be set within the firm by the Board of Directors or outside of the firm by government policies. Yahoo! ’s Board of Directors are the ones responsible for setting the standards for the company’s officers, directors, and employees. Yahoo! has a very strong competitive environment. Some of Yahoo! ’s direct competitors include: AOL Inc. , Google Inc. , Microsoft, Face book Inc. All of these companies compete in the Internet Service Providers industries. We will write a custom essay sample on Yahoo Case Management specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Yahoo Case Management specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Yahoo Case Management specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Each one of these companies may be in a similar industry but they each have different company beliefs. The threat of new entrants is relatively weak. Although the Internet does provide ease for anyone at any time to create their own website, for them to actually be compatible with Yahoo! there many entry barriers they would have to consider. Some of the opportunities that we found for this company included: increased mobile content consumption, increasing digital advertising, merging positions with AOL Inc. , a distribution strategy centered on using the popularity of social networks. Some of the threats included: the intense competition, decline in market share, increased dependence on advertising revenues exposed Yahoo! to business cycles. The number of users that access Yahoo! ’s many different applications is one of the biggest strengths that they have. This large customer base attracts many different companies looking to advertise on Yahoo! ’s websites. In the United States alone, Yahoo! attracts 187 million users. That is more that Google (176 million), Facebook (154 million), and AOL (114 million). Its company leads in 12 different online categories with Yahoo! Finance being one of the biggest ones. HISTORY Yahoo was found by David Filo and Jerry Yang, PhD candidate in electrical engineering at Stanford University, in February of 1994. It started as a hobby that began a new way that people communicated across the globe. They started making lists of their favorite links and spending more time on that than on their doctoral dissertations. Yahoo! is an acronym for â€Å"Yet Another Hierarchical Officious Oracle†, but they both said they chose the name because of the definition of Yahoo! : â€Å"rude, unsophisticated, uncouth. † (Yahoo! History, 2012)Yahoo! had its first million hit in 1994. They knew they had a fast growing business, due to the heavy flow of traffic on their site. They met with many venture capitalists, until the met Sequoia Capital which is a â€Å"well regarded firm who has had many successful investments such as, Apple Computer, Atari, Oracle and Cisco Systems†. (Yahoo! History, 2012)Sequoia Capital agreed to invest in yahoo in April of 1995 and invested nearly $2 million in them. Once things began to look up they started look for a management team. Tim Koogle was their first hire and CEO. He was a veteran of Motorola and he was also an alumnus of Stanford University also with a degree in engineering. In April of 1996 they had a success IPO launch and had 49 employees to their company. Yahoo! is currently the leading global internet communications provider. It offers a broad network to over 345 million people worldwide. www. Yahoo!. com reaches out to audiences all across the globe; it is the No. 1 internet brand across the globe as well. Yahoo! is currently headquartered in Sunnyvale, CA with other offices in countries like Asia, Europe, Australia, and Latin America. During the year end of 2010 Yahoo! had a 2. 1% decrease in revenues compared to 2009. Yahoo! ’s operating profits had a 99. 8% increase over year 2009. Yahoo! ’s net profit for 2010 was $1,231. 7 million compared to $598 million in 2009. MISSION/OBJECTIVES/STRATEGIES Yahoo! ’s vision is to â€Å"deliver your world, your way. † They do that by using technology, insights, and intuition to create deeply personal digital experience that keep more than half a billion people connected to what matters most to them. Their mission is to connect people to their passions, their communities, and the world’s knowledge. Yahoo! s objective for their business to survive is to provide maximum services and quality to their users to be able to find what they are searching for on their site. Yahoo! needs to increase the amount of users that use their search engine and be able to provide quick services to their users. Yahoo! needs to focus on the important applications and be able to provide for the users who use their services. Yahoo! ’s strategies are to increase the number of sharing of content and services to be able to ensure their users are happy with their services. Yahoo! should also provide services for their users all across the globe. Industries/Products/Competition Yahoo! ’s main industry is internet information providers. They provide the world with a one stop place to be able to search the World Wide Web and keep a check with the latest news and finances. â€Å"Yahoo! ’s offerings include Yahoo! Mail, Yahoo! Messenger, Yahoo! groups, Yahoo! Answers, Flickr, and Connected TV. † (Business Discription, 2012) These provide a wide variety of communication and social services to users and small businesses. Yahoo! ’s key products and services include News, Email, Music, Video, TV, search services, local advertising, social networking and mobile applications. Most Yahoo! ’s services are free of charge but some of their offers do cost a small fee. Yahoo! ’s revenue is based off of their offerings. Yahoo! ’s free email is available so you can keep in touch with friends and family across the globe. Yahoo! offers a lot of services to different types of people globally. They have a place for your small business to be able to create and maintain a domain, an email, a website, and lastly a place where you can sell your products and services online to customers across the globe. Yahoo! is a great one stop shop for the latest news and weather. Yahoo! ’s top competitors are Google, MSN, and AOL. They have to keep up with the latest trends to be able to be the best. Unlike Google, Yahoo! offers many different services right on their homepage. You don’t have to search for the weather or news its right there on their homepage. Yahoo! is a great site to use when you just want the latest on what’s going on. Top Management There are seven employees on board for the top management position of the company Yahoo! Inc. The Interim Chief Executive Officer, Executive Vice President and Head of Global Media are Ross B. Levinsohn. Levinsohn is accountable for all of the company’s digital media business, which include the strategy, partnerships, vision, engineering, and content structure for all of Yahoo! ’s properties and global experience. Michael J. Callahan is the Executive Vice President, Secretary and General Counsel. In 2007, he became the executive vice president. Before he took on the role as the executive vice president he was served as the senior vice president. Callahan is in charge of the public policy and worldwide legal affairs. Callahan advises Yahoo! ’s board of directors on corporate and strategic governance issues. David Dibble also serves as one of the Executive Vice President and is also over the Central Technology Organization. Dibble job requirements is making sure Yahoo! up and running efficiently all over the world. He has to be make sure that the basic technology, information security and application management are running smoothing as well. He is also responsible for charting a clear transportation roadmap for Yahoo! maps and directions. Dibble is also required to make sure the performance of the site is running up-to-date too. David Filo is the co-founder and chief at Yahoo! Inc. Filo is from Louisiana and co-founded Yahoo! Inc. in 1994. He job requirements is to direct the industrial operations behind Yahoo! Inc. and is the key technologist. Filo takes credit for helping construct Yahoo! into the most vastly trafficked website and a popular name brand. Timothy R. Morse is the Chief Financial Officer and Executive Vice President. Morse manages Yahoo! ’s finances, mergers and acquisitions and investor relations. Rich Riley became the American Executive Vice President in April of 2012. He handles all of the operations for consumers, partners, and advertisers in the American regions and all the go to market activities. Riley has been with the company for thirteen years and he was the created of the toolbar that we still use today. In 2009 he became the Senior Vice president and the Managing Director in Europe. Riley help Yahoo! back on track when it was down in the weakest region. Rose Tsou was the general manager in 2000 and got a promotion in April of 2007 to where she was is now as the Senior Vice President of the APAC region. Tsou duties are to manage Hong Kong, Southeast Asia, Korea, India, and Taiwan. Tsou is on the board in New Zealand and Australia for the joint venture operations. In 2001, she help productively formed the internet brand with Taiwan. She helped with the formation of Wretch which is now one of the hottest blog and photo site. David Windley is the Chief Human Resources officer and the Executive Vice President. He is the team leader of the global human resource team. Windley is responsible for motivating the company’s global strategies with talent and culture and organization efficiency. Mark Morrissey is Senior Vice President of Core Platforms. He looks after the foundational platforms, technology and research to allow customers products and leverage of Yahoo! s data store. He is accountable for our display advertising, information and analytical platforms, consumer and global platforms, and the Yahoo! labs. Christophe Parcot is the Senior Vice President and Managing Director of Yahoo! EMEA. He oversees all the go-to-market behavior and operations for consumers, partners, and advertisers in the EMEA area. He is responsible for all the sale s operations too. Shashi Seth is the Senior Vice President, Connections of business. He is responsible for all the company interactions with all of its 700 million users. The connections group is he responsible for Yahoo! Search, Mail, Flickr, IntoNow, Messenger, Answers, Groups, and the social bar. Current Issues One major issue involved with Yahoo! Inc. is dealing with the resigning of the Chief Executive Officer, Scott Thompson. He stepped down from his position on May 13, 2012 after only being the CEO for a short four month period. Thompson exaggerated his credentials he received from Stone Hill College. Thompson was the former PayPal president and was hired by Yahoo! in January of 2011. He was hired because Yahoo! as hoping that Thompson would help end the Web portal from struggling. On May 3, 2012, a principal shareholder with 5. 8% stake in Yahoo! , Daniel Loeb revealed that Thompson’s degree had fraudulent information. Loeb stated that Thompson had only received his accounting degree but not his computer science. Thompson leaving will be very costly for the company. Thompson will receive his annual base salary of $1 million, his hiring bonus of $1. 5 million in cash money and also $5. 5 million in stock. According to regulatory filings, he will also get an incentive equity award that is valued at $5 million. He is also entitled to compensation two times the amount of his annual salary. After the resigning of Thompson, this is the third CEO to be discharged from Yahoo! within the last eight months. Yahoo! Inc. might suffer a negative impact on its shareholder’s trust. Yahoo! is one of the biggest brand names out there but it has not been performing up to par. Even though Yahoo! is a big name brand, it is performing very inadequately within the last few years. Some of the biggest social networking sites have been taking over Yahoo! ’s market share. Yahoo! Inc. market share is dropping. It went down 2% points just since September. In September 2011 Yahoo! had about a 15. 5% market share of searches in the United States and now in the month of May 2012 it has dropped to 13. 5%. Since the market share has been declining for Yahoo! , Google and Bing have been gaining in market share. With the new CEO in office hopefully there will be some new changes into getting Yahoo! market share value back up to where it should be. With all the new changes Yahoo! is going through and Levinsohn is in office as the interim chief executive officer, he is faced with a big crisis. Levinsohn has to make the choice to sell some of the stake in Alibaba back to the internet company for seven billion dollars but Daniel Loeb will approve the transaction. Alibaba is one the largest internet based company where you can trade with other companies, shop, and it has a search engine based in China. Yahoo! China and Alibaba formed together in 2005. Some reports found that Yahoo! the company’s performance and graphics have been going downhill the past eight years. The company’s management problems are not helping. The internet traffic site has gone down . 7% within a year. The market cap is falling too. In the year of 2006 it a value at $54. 9 billion and now in 2012 it is $17. 26. In April of 2012 it was $18. 8. Yahoo! ’s revenue growth has been falling as low as -13. 20%. The expenses at Yahoo! keep rising and is over $1 billion where as it was just in the millions a couple of years back. Hopefully with all the new changes taking place Yahoo! Inc. can get back on its feet and get back where it use to be. Also another major issue going on with the company Yahoo! is their lawsuit with Facebook. Yahoo! is claiming that Facebook has stolen ten patent ideas from Yahoo!. The patents that Yahoo! s claiming that Facebook stole from them are: †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"U. S. Patent No. 6,907,566 Method and system for optimum placement of advertisements on a webpage, †¢U. S. Patent No. 7,100,111 Method and system for optimum placement of advertisements on a webpage, †¢U. S. Patent No. 7,373,599 Method and system for optimum placement of advertisements on a webpage, †¢U. S. Patent N o. 7,668,861System and method to determine the validity of an interaction on a network, †¢U. S. Patent No. 7,269,590Method and system for customizing views of information associated with a social network user, †¢U. S. Patent No. 7,599,935 Control for enabling a user to preview display of selected content based on another users authorization level, †¢U. S. Patent No. 7,454,509 Online playback system with community bias, †¢U. S. Patent No. 5,983,227 Dynamic page generator, †¢U. S. Patent No. 7,747,468 Contents consignment sale system and method for networking broadcasting, †¢U. S. Patent No. 7,406,501 System and method for instant messaging using an e-mail protocol†. (Yahoos 10 patents that it claims Facebook infringed, 2012) Now Facebook is in the process of countersuing Yahoo!. Facebook is claiming that Yahoo! is infringing on their patents. Sociocultural Sociocultural is defined as â€Å"the concern with a society’s attitudes and cultural value†. (Hitt, 2009) Yahoo! ’s value shapes the culture and defines the character the company. The value and culture is at the heart of what they do and who the company is. The value that Yahoo! is committed to is achieving integrity. Leadership is earned and should never be taking lightly. Yahoo! aims to have a faultless implementation and does it best to achieve the quality. (Yahoo Investor Relations, 2012) Changes in social trends may impact the demand for a company’s product and availability as well as the business production and marketing activities. These trends can also affect individual’s willingness to work. The sociocultural environment influences individual’s expectations, attitudes, achievements, and responsibilities of the company and its management. Management firms take into consideration several external elements when doing an external assessment of the business. Political factors dissect the legal, political, and governmental aspects of a business and include such things as: government-driven tax laws, trade agreements, regulated prices, incentives, and manufacturing requirements. Political stability is an important consideration. Social factors are another key element which includes the way Americans work, live, produce, and consume. With the aging society of America, billions of people who are outside the US may be in market for American products. Demographics The demographics for Yahoo! Inc. by age and gender that look at Yahoo! on a daily basis are compared to the population of the users on the internet in general: Yahoo! : Internet Users: Below 24- Men 13%, Women 12%Men 9%, Women 37% 25 to 34- Men 15%, Women 10%Men 9%, Women 8% 35 to 44- Men 11%, Women 8%Men 8%, Women 7% 5 to 54- Men 9%, Women 6%Men 7%, Women 4% 55 to 64- Men 6%, Women 5%Men 4%, Women 3% Above 65- Men 4%, Women 1%. Men 3%, Women 1% From this distribution of the ages and gender, Men look at Yahoo! Inc. or use the internet more than women do. This is probably true because Yahoo! offers more for the male gender with the Yahoo! Sports and Finance tabs. When looking at the location for the United States, Massachusetts rank number one in the st ate that visited Yahoo! the most. California was second and Texas ranked third. Then you have Georgia, Washington, New York, Virginia, Illinois, Florida, and then Indiana. It is very close for race for the states coming in fourth through tenth. When looking at the global distribution the United States ranks number one for the most use out of the websites. The Philippines, Indonesia, Egypt, Romania, Malaysia, Hong Kong, India, United Kingdom, and Taiwan are in a close tie with what global country uses the website the most. Yahoo! Inc. leads its rival’s with the amount of user traffic. Yahoo! ’s website is clicked on globally with over 2. 4 billion page views though out its 25 international website and the 13 languages you can choose. Yahoo! lso attracts more the 627 million visitors a month. This reaches about 47. 4% of the global population. Yahoo! Inc. headquarters in Sunnyvale, California but has offices all the world including India, Latin America, and China. Yahoo! Inc income distribution levels are closely similar to each other no matter the income of the house hold. The users whose average income ranges from $0-$30k, $30-60k, $60-$1 00k and $100k-+ are similar to the general population. The households where the income is $100k and more looks at Yahoo! closely the same as the households where the income is $0-$30k. The ethnic mixes of the web searchers for Yahoo! are the African, African American, Asian, Caucasian, Hispanic, Middle Eastern, and other. The African Americans’ spend more time searching with the website Yahoo! then the Middle Eastern. The Asians and Caucasians spend more time on the website than any other race. The Hispanic and Africans are viewing the site about the same percentage. Economic Environment The economic environment includes the consumer price index, gross domestic product, and the strength of today’s dollar. Yahoo! Inc. needs to have correct information about our economy. Yahoo! ’s expenditures by their advertisers have a tendency to have a recurring cycle, reflecting overall economic environment and budgeting and buying patterns. Yahoo! Inc. gets most of their revenues from the advertising. If any advertising decreases then that can result in the revenue for the company. Yahoo! Inc is very dependent on their brand and a mishap on the brand name can result in cost-effective conduct could hurt the business operating cycle. The earnings of Yahoo! depend on the customers and how much the advertisers are spending on their websites. This year the decision was made to ramp up election coverage by partnering with ABC news, a new web show â€Å"Remake America† and a new blog â€Å"The Signal†. Wayne Powers, Yahoo! ’s SVP of North America sales, stated that the company sees this as a real opportunity and focus for the year. He also stated that Cox Digital Solutions will be the exclusive company for the political issues and advocacy advertising. Powers explained how Cox would be focusing campaign money specific to issues that deal with jobs and health care while Yahoo! ’s sales team would be working with advertisers that wanted their messages tied into the high-traffic election issues. Yahoo! ’s outgoing CEO Thompson had stated that data will attribute to the company’s turnaround and play a major role in the multiplatform political advertising capabilities. Political/Legal Environment The political and legal segments of the firm include all of the external issues and benefits relating to the firm. First off we would like to mention the privacy bill of rights as one of the major trends under the political and legal environment. This bill has a purpose of protecting consumer’s privacy from the data collected online. This bill of rights is said to be voluntary but as of right now we know that Yahoo! Google, AOL, and MSN have agreed to become a part of this. The pushing of this bill requires search engine sites to add a â€Å"Do Not Track† device to the website. If the consumer chooses this device, said to be represented by blue triangle icons on the edges of some digital ads, then a direct indication will be sent to the companies that colle ct this records for advertising purposes. The indication will let the companies know that the user does not want to be tracked. Currently there are many lawsuits between the companies of Yahoo! and Facebook. Yahoo! irst eluded that Facebook was responsible for stealing ten patents from the company. This statement from an article explains more, â€Å"Yahoo Inc sued Facebook Inc over 10 patents that include methods and systems for advertising on the Web, opening the first major legal battle among big technology companies in social media. † (Yahoo sues Facebook for infringing 10 patents, 2012) Through reading this article we saw that Yahoo! had not decided to take their issues to legal term until after the announcement of Facebook’s public offering that could have resulted in Facebook being valued at $100 billion dollars. Many people know of the financial duress Yahoo! has incurred over the past couple of year and wonder if this is a means of acquiring capital. A spokesperson of Facebook, Jonathan Thaw says,† Were disappointed that Yahoo, a longtime business partner of Facebook and a company that has substantially benefited from its association with Facebook, has decided to resort to litigation. † (Yahoo sues Facebook for infringing 10 patents, 2012) Many people also feel that this could not have been a smart move on Yahoo! ’s behalf, since Facebook was responsible for many of Yahoo! s benefits. We now know that Facebook has retaliated and now has a pending lawsuit against Yahoo!. There recently have been many new partnership made on Yahoo! ’s behalf. Some of these partnerships include Yahoo! merging with ABC News and LG Electronics. Yahoo! has also introduced Genome, which was created by Yahoo! this year in hopes of bettering online marketing campaigns. We feel that politica lly Yahoo! will benefit from the Genome. One of the main reasons for creating such a program for Yahoo! was to increase their ROIs. Genome was designed to help marketers organize campaigns to help meet their objectives and build brand value. The News segment of Yahoo! is revolving daily touches on subjects of U. S. news, local news, business news, entertainment news, sports, politics, technology, health, travel, sciences and opinion news. Yahoo! conducts annual business human rights webcasts. The new partnership with ABC is based on using mobile devices to directly channel users through apps. The users can enter to win prizes after watching their favorite shows. The application is title Yahoo! IntoNow mobile application. By using the IntoNow application viewers can chat about their favorite shows through Twitter and Facebook. Technological Environment As we know that Yahoo! is a digital media company, and an Internet Web based company, the technological environment is very important to the growth of this company. In today’s society digital media is one of the fastest growing industries and also one of the fastest growing industries the world has ever seen. Yahoo! has a developer network called Yahoo! Geo Technologies. This section of Yahoo! lets users create individual portfolios and share them via Internet. Not only does Yahoo! Inc. ave a private technologies section where you can find the latest information on all of the upcoming technologies; you can blog about it, and read technologies news headlines as fast as they are put online. Yahoo! has made itself available through all of the â€Å"smart† technology, purchasing itself an â€Å"app† where you may access this portal thro ugh any smart device such as cell phones. Competitive Environment Yahoo! has a very strong competitive environment. Some of Yahoo! ’s direct competitors include: AOL Inc. , Google Inc. , Microsoft, Face book Inc. All of these companies compete in the Internet Service Providers industries. Each one of these companies may be in a similar industry but they each have different company beliefs. The mission statement of Yahoo! says,† to connect people to their passion, their communities, and the word’s knowledge†. Google provides the largest catalog of web sites and other material, and makes this material available to anyone who can get an internet connection for free. Google’s automatic search technology helps consumers find instant access to significant information from their online catalog. Microsoft’s mission â€Å"our missions and values are to help people and businesses throughout the world realize their full potential. About Microsoft, 2012)† AOL is just an internet service provider who combines the influence of the Internet with its own standard services. Industry Analysis First, the threat of new entrants is relatively weak. Although the Internet does provide ease for anyone at any time to create their own website, for them t o actually be compatible with Yahoo! there many entry barriers they would have to consider. For this reason many people could argue that the threat of new entrants would be high because of the ease of creating new websites but in no way would the enter being a direct competitor of Yahoo! hat would take much time. Since we know that Yahoo! was established and has been successful for many years, we can also conclude that this company has faced many issues in getting the business brand where it is today. Some of the barriers to entry include: capital investments, economies of scale, switching cost, loyalty of the brand, and an absolute cost advantage. For a company to measure up to the level of success that Yahoo! is it would need a substantial amount of monetary funds. Millions in fact of dollars would be necessary for the development and startup of a site like Yahoo!. In many instances it takes an extended amount of time for a company to build its name/reputation and even longer to attract users. Start up Internet providers would not be smart in trying to compete on the level that this company does. The information mentioned earlier about the ease of new entrants into making their own websites is still very relevant to the success of Yahoo!. Although these companies are not direct threats in the beginning it is always necessary to watch the growth rate of these little companies. Yahoo! has to continually find new attractions, that competitors dont have, and ways to keep their customers loyal. The threat of new entrants in search engine market is moderately low because competitors, Google Facebook Inc. , have many servers all over the world that captures so much information about user behavior, a new entrant would have to provide more sufficient search results at faster speed. These new competitors would also be forced to present information from different sources in a more integrated and customized way. Since the turn of the 20th century in this competitive market, the new entrants have to have an absolute cost advantage comparing to others. The new entrants must come up with a better, cheaper and more efficient plan to collect information from diverse parties and allocate the information from itself. Also new entrants have lower cost of producing the services compared with Yahoo!. This brand loyalty is a harsh entry barrier to overcome unless the rival product offering is of primarily and considerably greater worth than what Yahoo! is contributing. Secondly the bargaining power of the buyers/customers is high because of the availability of substitutes, switching cost and the undifferentiated services. Because there are so many search engines in this industry other that Yahoo! users can switch to other engines if they want to with great ease. For this to happen the other engines must prove that they have a substantial amount of performance over Yahoo!. This means that there are absolutely no switching costs for Yahoo! users to switch to Google, AOL Inc. , or Microsoft. One of the main goals of Yahoo! is to get their users on the website and maintain their interest for multiple hours. Through this idea they hoped to attract many people with many different ages at all points and times during the day. Through research we conclude that the advertisers are another of the buyers of Yahoo! Inc. Yahoo! must strive hard to keep their eye popping ads so maintain the continuation of their advertisers. The services that Yahoo! offers are diverse from any other competing internet server. At the home page of Yahoo! you can find any and everything in the entertainment division without have to do numerous searches. The services that Yahoo! ’s rivals carry is much undifferentiated from theirs. Third, the barg

Global Warming Essay

Global Warming Essay There is plenty of research on Global Warming issues, however, scholar’s over the world are far from unanimity on its root causes and ways of prevention. Global warming  is a climatic process, which is related to what seems to be ‘an insignificant increase of global temperature’. At glance the  difference  seems trivial indeed – Earth’s mean surface temperature has increased by some 0.8 since the early 20th century, however, this has triggered a chain reaction and contributed to glacier melting in the Arctic and the Antarctic Penninsula. This, in turn, is leading to the increase of the ocean heat content, which spurs a whole new series of climatic changes. Most of these changes are believed to be human-induced and are most typically contributed to deforestation and carbon dioxide emissions. There is plenty of research on Global Warming issues, however, scholar’s over the world are far from unanimity on its root causes and ways of prevention. Most scientists, with a 90% probability, tend to agree, that it is a process that is directly related to human activity. To substantiate their claim, they pull out the so-called ‘hockey stick’ graph, which was first introduced by Michael Mann in 1998 and is since widely used by world’s climatologists. GLOBAL WARMING IS A  MYTH The graph reads as follows: during the last nine centuries, global temperature has remained relatively unchanged (which is likened to the shaft of the stick), while during the last century (with the advent of the industrial revolution) the graph curve escalated dramatically (the part that resembles the blade). Such arguments look quite convincing if you compare temperature fluctuations during the nine-hundred-year span to those of the last century. The hockey stick graph has also spurred debate on the validity of the datasets and their interpretation and has lead to the so-called ‘hockey stick controversy’, in which some environmental scientists questioned data and methods used by Michael Mann. Mann’s model ended up being reviewed and analyzed by the National Academic of Sciences, who supported Mann’s initial hypothesis, saying that current temperature levels were unprecedented until at least 1000 years. In years that followed, this model was tested by other scholars who used more sophisticated data sets and statistical methods, and they too confirmed that Mann’s initial model was accurate. More sophisticated data sets and improved methods of research were able to extend the ‘hockey shaft’ as far as 11000 years back, only confirming the initial hypothesis – global warming is a result of human irresponsibility. This essay is a short stub on the extensive topic called ‘Global Warming’. If you need an article written on the topic, feel free to contact us for a custom written essay on any of the global warming issues. We would be happy to find a writer with a background in climatology/ecology who will come up with a top-notch quality product on any of the ‘global warming’ subtopics.

Analyzing ad Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Analyzing ad - Essay Example An advertisement is effective if it has passed on the linguistic message, denoted image and connotation image to the viewer. (Thesis) Here an advertisement printed in 2010 by Monsanto is analyzed for its linguistic message, denoted image and connoted image. The advertisement is of a middle aged African American who is standing with a field and harvester in his background. The advertisement has some texts too. The linguistic message , connoted image and denoted image can be thus further analyzed as follows; The text on the advertisement has some deep messages. The text projected on image directly gives a connotation to the image. There are two texts written on the image. One placed on the farmer’s shoulder and says, â€Å"America’s farmers grow America.† This gives out a connoted message that has been developed non-verbally. The phrase accentuates the farmer for his work and uses agricultural terms. The placement of the text also depicts conciseness. This connotation signifies the consciousness of the farmer. The other â€Å"Thanks a Million. Make that 11 million. Thanks to advanced farming practices, America’s farmers reduced their CO2 emissions 11 million tons in one year. That’s the same amount produced by 1 million SUVs. Few industries have shown such respect for the environment.†Now a new connotation is implied where the farmer is symbol of environmentally sound practices. He is also a symbol of industry. However the ad also gives out a co nnoted image. The connoted message in the advertisement is explicit in nature. According to (Chan) â€Å"Conversely, the connoted message is the culturally-laden text with its appeal to the writing and rhetoric of the photograph†. This ad shows a middle aged African American man standing in forefront with a field as the background. The man is looking to the distance with his head up and has an expression of thoughtfulness on his face. Over his shoulder a piece of machinery which is a harvester is

Fingerprinting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Fingerprinting - Essay Example The use of fingerprints is primarily important in identification of criminals in forensic sciences who has to have their fingerprints saved in the criminals database, but the drawback is the crime's scene prints distortion and difficulty in retrieval. Fingerprints are also an important asset to highly secure companies and banking systems. Such identifications with many others such as eye scan and voice recognition are used to verify a person's identity and cross-reference him. Finger Identification can be used on a more sophisticated level of security as mentioned by Tom Gillespie 2005; a fingerprint reader used as a switch, a standalone lock that uses a fingerprint instead of a keypad and a security case opened by a fingerprint reader. It is also was a suggested to use those identification marks present on the finger prints to help track kids when they are lost, though some parents do not agree on the principle of using the same technology used for criminals identification. This must not be an issue when the safety of the children is the main concern of all parents. (Lisa P. White) Many scientists came across finger prints discussing their presence and describing them in different manners, and some describing the patterns of them, but it was not till 1880 that Faulds had described their importance as personal identification marks through his studies and research. On 1882 Thompson was the first U.S citizen that has printed his thumb print to ensure ethnicity of a paper. And on 1883 Mark Twain identified the first criminal using fingerprint identification. Types & methods of obtaining finger prints According to Eric Brown, 1990, there are three types of finger prints; visible (also called patent prints), impression (also called plastic prints), and latent prints. All can be obtained but in different methods. Visible can be photographed directly, impression need special lightning to make it visible, latent need special methods to become visible by physical , chemical, and instrumental techniques. Latent finger prints are composed mainly of sweat and other organic compounds like amino acids, glucose, lactic acid, peptides, ammonia, riboflavin, and isoagglutinogens as well as inorganic chemicals like potassium, sodium, carbon trioxide, and chlorine. It is those chemicals that react by one of those techniques to help make the latent finger prints visible. (Eric Brown, 1990) A person with no prints Researchers recently unraveled two diseases that can actually cause a person to be finger print-less. The two diseases are Naegeli syndrome and dermatopathia pigmentosa reticularis (DPR) both caused by a defect in the keratin protein number 14. "The defect induces the body to mark cells in the upper layers of the skin for death. As a result, people with these afflictions lack fingerprints.." Those results were published in the American Journal of Human Genetics. (Scientists Unravel Mystery of People with No Fingerprints) Where does finger printing stand in the forensic sciences Finger printing left its impressions in forensic sciences over the years to be a helpful aid to humanity in many aspects. Many crime scene investigators start with this basic information collection as a start to help them have an initial starting point to their investigations. Finger printing was the first to

New World Order, Old World Mess Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

New World Order, Old World Mess - Essay Example The ensuing cold war was an effort to prove which side was right in best achieving a world order, a state of utopia, a paradise where nations are at peace and all components of social order are in place, people freely choosing their rulers, and everyone justly rewarded for their work. This new world order, they hoped, would be the fruit of cooperation and understanding among nations that shared the same values of peace, justice, happiness, and freedom (Russett 24-33). The downfall of communism proved that capitalist democracy was better, but not necessarily the perfect solution, and for a brief period the world's powers thought that the ingredients for crafting a new world order were in place, one dream and one strategy of nations under the West's model of free market economics and political democracy. However, instead of an era of peace, what followed was a turbulent decade until 9/11 which made peoples and nations realize that their shared values and their definitions of utopia differed, and that different peoples, nations, and cultures understood peace, justice, happiness, and freedom in different, even conflicting, ways, making the new world order look similar to the previous ones characterized by chaos (Fukuyama 120-121). The end of the 20th century was not the peaceful era everyone thought it would be. The collapse of the East released pent-up cultural tensions that had simmered for centuries, artificially controlled or artfully concealed by the cold war (Fukuyama 1993: 213). Even before the euphoria of Berlin faded, violent explosions were felt in Kuwait, Afghanistan, Yugoslavia (Bosnia, Serbia, Croatia), the former U.S.S.R. (Russia, Chechnya, Armenia, and Azerbaijan), and Africa (Rwanda, Sudan, Liberia, and Angola). These conflicts were... The downfall of communism proved that capitalist democracy was better, but not necessarily the perfect solution, and for a brief period the world’s powers thought that the ingredients for crafting a new world order were in place, one dream and one strategy of nations under the West’s model of free market economics and political democracy. However, instead of an era of peace, what followed was a turbulent decade until 9/11 which made peoples and nations realize that their shared values and their definitions of utopia differed, and that different peoples, nations, and cultures understood peace, justice, happiness, and freedom in different, even conflicting, ways, making the new world order look similar to the previous ones characterized by chaos (Fukuyama 120-121).The end of the 20th century was not the peaceful era everyone thought it would be. The collapse of the East released pent-up cultural tensions that had simmered for centuries, artificially controlled or artfully concealed by the cold war (Fukuyama 1993: 213). Even before the euphoria of Berlin faded, violent explosions were felt in Kuwait, Afghanistan, Yugoslavia (Bosnia, Serbia, Croatia), the former U.S.S.R. (Russia, Chechnya, Armenia, and Azerbaijan), and Africa (Rwanda, Sudan, Liberia, and Angola). Almost two decades since the end of the cold war, the new world order has been redefined as a war against terrorism, as despots used by both the East and the West showed their true colors and began biting the hands that fed them.

RNA World Theory: Summary and Analysis

RNA World Theory: Summary and Analysis This essay will explore the principles of the RNA world theory and supports and criticisms for it. It will look at the properties of RNA which make this theory viable and it will also look briefly at alternate competing theories. RNA, which stands for ribonucleic acid, is a polymeric molecule made up of one or more nucleotides. Each nucleotide is made up of a base: adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil, a ribose sugar, and a phosphate which can then form chains. Like DNA, RNA has four main structures: primary, which is the basic polypeptide chain. The Secondary structure is a twisted form of the chain into usually an alpha helix and beta sheet. The tertiary structure is a further folded shape and is often unique. This structure determines the function of the protein. Finally the quaternary is the joining together of multiple tertiary subunits to form one large subunit. The discovery of ribozymes supported the RNA World Hypothesis. This is the theory that earlier life forms may have relied solely on RNA to catalyse chemical reactions and store genetic information. This hypothesis was proposed by Carl Woese, Francis Crick and Leslie Orgel in the 1960s, this was decades before the discovery of ribozymes but soon after the double-helical structure of DNA was determined. According to the RNA World Hypothesis, life later evolved to use DNA and proteins due to RNAs instability relative to DNA and its poorer catalytic properties. Gradually, ribozymes became increasingly phased out. A ribozyme, ribonucleic acid enzyme, is an RNA molecule that is capable of performing specific biochemical reactions, similar to the action of protein enzymes. The structure of RNA nucleotides is very similar to that of DNA nucleotides, with the main difference being that the ribose sugar backbone in RNA has a hydroxyl group that DNA does not. Another minor difference is that DNA uses the base thymine in place of uracil. Despite great structural similarities, DNA and RNA play very different roles from one another in modern cells. RNA plays a central role in the pathway from DNA to proteins, known as the Central Dogma of molecular biology. An organisms genetic information is encoded as a linear sequence of bases in the cells DNA. During transcription, an RNA copy of a segment of DNA, messenger RNA (mRNA), is made. This strand of RNA can then be read by a ribosome to form a protein. Another major difference between DNA and RNA is that DNA is usually found in a double-stranded form in cells, while RNA is typically found in a single-stranded form. The lack of a paired strand allows RNA to fold into complex, three-dimensional structures. RNA folding is typically mediated by the same type of base-base interactions that are found in DNA, with the difference being that bonds are formed within a single strand in the case of RNA, rather than between two strands, in the case of DNA. The strongest evidence for the RNA World Hypothesis is the fact that the ribosome, a large molecular complex that assembles proteins, is a ribozyme. Although the ribosome is made up of both RNA and protein components, structural and biochemical analyses revealed that the mechanisms for translation is catalysed by RNA, not proteins. This suggests that the use of RNA by early life forms to carry out chemical reactions may have preceded the use of proteins. John Sutherland and his colleagues from the University of Manchester performed and experiment that greatly supports the RNA world hypothesis. He and his team created a ribonucleotide, which is a major part of RNA, from simple chemicals. These chemicals are those though to be present on the early earth, or primordial soup. Donna Blackmond, a chemist at Imperial College London, stated that this is extremely strong evidence for the RNA world. We dont know if these chemical steps reflect what actually happened, but before this work there were large doubts that it could happen at all. Critics of these ideas suggest that other organic molecules, rather than nucleic acids, were the first self-replicating chemicals capable of storing genetic information. According to this idea, these simple hereditary systems were later replaced by nucleic acids during the course of evolution. Electric Spark Generation of amino acids and sugars from the atmosphere. The  Miller-Urey supports this theory. The experiment in 1952 was one  that simulated the conditions thought at the time to be present on the  early Earth, and tested for the occurrence of  the chemical origins of life. Miller took molecules which were believed to represent the major components of the early Earths atmosphere and put them into a closed system. The gases they used were methane (CH4), ammonia (NH3), hydrogen (H2), and water (H2O). Next, he ran a continuous electric current through the system, to simulate lightning storms believed to be common on the early earth. Miller observed that as much as 10-15% of the carbon was now in the form of organic compounds. Two percent of the carbon had formed some of the amino acids which are used to make proteins. Millers experiment showed that organic compounds such as amino acids, which are essential to cellular life, could be made easily under the condi tions that scientists believed to be present on the early earth. Community Clay The first molecules of life might have met on clay, according to an idea elaborated by organic chemist Alexander Graham Cairns-Smith at the University of Glasgow in Scotland. These surfaces might not only have concentrated these organic compounds together, but also helped organize them into patterns much like our genes do now. Chilly Start As the sun was about a third less luminous than it is now. This layer of ice, possibly hundreds of feet thick, might have protected fragile organic compounds in the water below from ultraviolet light and destruction from cosmic impacts. The cold might have also helped these molecules to survive longer, allowing key reactions to happen. Simple Beginnings Instead of developing from complex molecules such as RNA, life might have begun with smaller molecules interacting with each other in cycles of reactions. These might have been contained in simple capsules akin to cell membranes, and over time more complex molecules that performed these reactions better than the smaller ones could have evolved. Panspermia Rocks regularly get blasted off Mars by cosmic impacts, and a number of Martian meteorites have been found on Earth that some researchers have controversially suggested brought microbes over here, potentially making us all Martians originally. Other scientists have even suggested that life might have hitchhiked on comets from other star systems. There is no scientific evidence to suggest that RNA is spontaneously being created and capable of forming pre-cellular life today. While some artificial ribozymes have been created in the laboratory (reviewed in Chen, et al., 2007), there are still significant holes in reproducing an RNA world to support the hypothesis. The ribozymes created artificially lack the abilities to sufficiently process themselves, and there is no evidence of them producing large quantities of advantageous nucleotide sequences. Moreover, no system has ever created cellular life. There is even significant debate among scientists over the conditions and constituents of a prebiotic Earth model.

Environmental Conflicts In Literature :: essays research papers

Conflicts are a very prominent element in literature. If you were to look up the dictionary definition of â€Å"conflict†, you would find that it is a â€Å"struggle, controversy, or fight.† Conflicts can take many forms, and each has its own place in literature. Environmental conflicts are certainly one of the more recognized and appreciated types of conflicts. They are easy to identify, understand, and analyze. An environment can be described as one’s surroundings, so logically, an environmental conflict is a conflict with one’s surroundings. Environmental conflicts pit man against a greater power, and it is unsure what will happen next. Throughout [good] literature, a vast array of environmental conflicts can be found. Let us take a look at â€Å"Leiningen Versus the Ants,† by Carl Stephenson. In this story, environmental conflicts are exceedingly prevalent. In fact, the entire story is built upon the â€Å"act of God† that Leiningen faces. A twenty square mile army of ants threatens Leiningen’s plantation and his life. The ants prove to be a formidable opponent, even for a man of such cunning as Leiningen. They represent the power and unpredictability of nature—a perfect example of an environmental conflict. Not all environmental conflicts are huge, apocalyptic, catastrophic events. They can be as simple or commonplace as a tree falling. Such is the case in â€Å"The Interlopers,† by Saki. Saki recognizes the power of nature, and makes use of something so unimportant as a fallen tree to trap Ulrich and Georg beneath it, and dramatically alter the course of the entire story. Not only that, but at the end of the story, Saki uses wolves to change the direction of the story once more, and this time he creates some irony as well. In almost all cases, the environment does triumph over man in some way or another. â€Å"To Build a Fire,† by Jack London is a prime example of this happening to a large extent. A man and his dog are lost in the wilderness at sub-zero temperatures, and he is not only involved in an environmental conflict, but a struggle to live. Eventually the man dies of hypothermia. Again, this is another instance that illustrates the power that nature has over us.

Movie response

Movie Is take on a dark portion of the history of U. S. And are able to Illustrate not only a Journey but highlight prolific periods In time. Hooligan's movie Is a true story of an American legend, Jackie Robinson, who broke the racial barrier In Major League Baseball and became one of the most Inspirational leaders In the fight for call rights and equality. Throughout the movie, Robinson Is faced with outrageous comments and unjust treatment from a variety of sources. There is one significant leader that mirrors the same passive actions as Robinson is Mr..Martin Luther King Jar. Along with having an impact on the activist, Robinson was able to open to door for African- American athletes, not just in baseball but in all sports. Robinson not only proved his race was capable of competing, but was able to change the stigma and stereotypes that African-Americans faced. Another area that would see the influence of Robinson, and that was shown in the movie, was the role of sports journalis t named Wendell Smith. Although the movie might have stretched the relationship of Robinson andSmith, there Is no denying the impact they had on each other. Smith was tasked with not only covering Robinson but finding him places to stay, as well as to help protect him. Robinson on the other hand did more than give Smith something to write about, but to help open the pathway for African-Americans to Join other fields, even sports journalism Jackie Robinson did more than change the game of baseball. He was able to curb stereotypes with humility, change the way people see those of a darker complexion, and begin to open the door for African-Americans to belong in any occupation.He was able to use the platform of being a professional athlete to help shed light on the atrocious treatment and inequality people of color were forced to face. Robinsons whole journey as well as the purpose can be summed up in his own quote movie 42 response By vested â€Å"42† movie is take on a dark po rtion of the history of U. S. And are able to illustrate not only a Journey but highlight prolific periods in time. Hooligan's movie is a true story of an American legend, Jackie Robinson, who broke the racial barrier in Major LeagueBaseball and became one of the most inspirational leaders in the fight for civil rights and equality. Throughout the movie, Robinson is faced with outrageous comments American athletes, not Just in baseball but in all sports. Robinson not only proved his and that was shown in the movie, was the role of sports Journalist named Wendell Smith, there is no denying the impact they had on each other. Smith was tasked with face. Robinsons whole Journey as well as the purpose can be summed up in his own.

Revolution and rebellion Essays

Revolution and rebellion Essays Revolution and rebellion Essay Revolution and rebellion Essay That they are but a shallow imitation of he parties of the wealthy is apparent when theses at Gatsby parties do not even know each other, but are often dressed alike and laugh at the same things. Rebellion-Fitzgerald picks up on the social rebellion of his peers particularly well in The Great Gatsby. He shows women of all classes who are breaking out of the molds that society had placed them into. Myrtle, for instance, wishes to climb the social ladder, and so she is determined to do so at all costs. Daisy attempts to break away from the restrictive society in which she was raised, yet she cannot make the break entirely and so she falls back into the only thing she knows: money. Jordan Baker, too, is an emancipated woman. She passes time as a professional golfer, a profession made possible largely because of the social and economic progress of the sass. The book is very symbolic of society, and a lot of the characters rebel against society. Myrtle against the lower class society in an attempt to rise higher in the social scale. Daisy also rebels with her affair with Gatsby, as woman werent expected to stay at home and do as told. Gatsby rebelled against the societies expectations by getting money. NIGHT revolutionary-Wishes also loses his innocence the first day he reaches the death camp at Auschwitz. Never shall I forget that night, the first night in camp, that turned my life into one long night seven times sealed. Never shall I forget that smoke. Never shall I forget the small faces of the children whose bodies I saw transformed into smoke under a silent sky (34). Wishes loses his innocence because at such a young age he sees such great evil that can come from mankind that no one ever deserves to see. Wishes also loses his soul and he believes he will never forget the things that appended to him. Never shall I forget these moments that murdered my god and my soul and turned my dreams to ashes. Never shall I forget these things, even were I condemned to live as long as God himself. Never rebellion-I did not fast, mainly to please my father, who had forbidden me to do so. But further, there was no longer any reason why I should fast. I no longer accepted Gods silence. As I swallowed my bowl of soup, I saw in the gesture an act of rebellion and protest against Him Wishes rebels against God and he does not understand why God is letting all of these Orrville things happen to the Jewish people. The Jews are continually praising his name, even as all these horrible things are happening to them. But look at these men whom you have betrayed, what do they do? They pray before you! They praise your name! Wishes lost his faith in God while he was in the death camps of Auschwitz: My eyes had opened and I was alone, terribly alone in a world without God, without man. Without love or mercy. I was nothing but ashes now, but I felt myself to be stronger than this Almighty to whom my life had been bound for so long (68).

Sun and Little Maiden Essay

Sun and Little Maiden Essay Sun and Little Maiden Essay There was once a woman who wished very much to have a little child, but she could not obtain her wish. At last she went to a fairy, and said, "I should so very much like to have a little child; can you tell me where I can find one?" "Oh, that can be easily managed," said the fairy. "Here is a barleycorn of a different kind to those which grow in the farmer's fields, and which the chickens eat; put it into a flower-pot, and see what will happen." "Thank you," said the woman, and she gave the fairy twelve shillings, which was the price of the barleycorn. Then she went home and planted it, and immediately there grew up a large handsome flower, something like a tulip in appearance, but with its leaves tightly closed as if it were still a bud. "It is a beautiful flower," said the woman, and she kissed the red and golden-colored leaves, and while she did so the flower opened, and she could see that it was a real tulip. Within the flower, upon the green velvet stamens, sat a very delicate and graceful little maiden. She was scarcely half as long as a thumb, and they gave her the name of "Thumbelina," or Tiny, because she was so small. A walnut-shell, elegantly polished, served her for a cradle; her bed was formed of blue violet-leaves, with a rose-leaf for a counterpane. Here she slept at night, but during the day she amused herself on a table, where the woman had placed a plateful of water. Round this plate were wreaths of flowers with their stems in the water, and upon it floated a large tulip-leaf, which served Tiny for a boat. Here the little maiden sat and rowed herself from side to side, with two oars made of white horse-hair. It really was a very pretty sight. Tiny could, also, sing so softly and sweetly that not hing like her singing had ever before been heard. One night, while she lay in her pretty bed, a large, ugly, wet toad crept through a broken pane of glass in the window, and leaped right upon the table where Tiny lay sleeping under her rose-leaf quilt. "What a pretty little wife this would make for my son," said the toad, and she took up the walnut-shell in which little Tiny lay asleep, and jumped through the window with it into the garden. 2 In the swampy margin of a broad stream in the garden lived the toad, with her son. He was uglier even than his mother, and when he saw the pretty little maiden in her elegant bed, he could only cry, "Croak, croak, croak." "Don't speak so loud, or she will wake," said the toad, "and then she might run away, for she is as light as swan's down. We will place her on one of the water-lily leaves out in the stream; it will be like an island to her, she is so light and small, and then she cannot escape; and, while she is away, we will make haste and prepare the state-room under the marsh, in which you are to live when you are married." Far out in the stream grew a number of water-lilies, with broad green leaves, which seemed to float on the top of the water. The largest of these leaves appeared farther off than the rest, and the old toad swam out to it with the walnut-shell, in which little Tiny lay still asleep. The tiny little creature woke very early in the morning, and began to cry bitterly when she found where she was, for she could see nothing but water on every side of the large green leaf, and no way of reaching the land. Meanwhile the old toad was very busy under the marsh, decking her room with rushes and wild yellow flowers, to make it look pretty for her new daughter-in-law. Then she swam out with her ugly son to the leaf on which she had placed poor little Tiny. She wanted to fetch the pretty bed, that she might put it in the bridal chamber to be ready for her. The old toad bowed low to her in the water, and said, "Here is my son, he will be your husband, and you will live happily in the marsh by the stream." "Croak, croak, croak," was all her son could say for himself; so the toad took

Health disparities Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Health disparities - Research Paper Example I come from a nuclear family of six. I have two sisters and one brother all of whom are college graduates and are athletes. My father and mother have been married for twenty eight years. My father works in real estate and my mother is a teacher in an elementary school. I embrace black history and the African American culture (Andrews et. al., 2010). An artifact of my personal culture of origin is the preparation of food by deep frying and seasoning food with ham, ham hocks, or gravy. Many of the rites of my personal culture of origin revolve around food. Our cherished food called soul food is made of ribs, cornbread, fried pork chops, and chicken. Many people from my culture have a liking for butter, pork fat and salt as a flavour. Whereas these foods are good and we love them, they contain high amount of fat and sodium chloride that are associated with obesity and arthritis. Undeniably, people from my culture are fond of dining out and I would agree with studies that claim that we dine out two or more times weekly. Whereas this habit is desired and observed by many even from outside my culture, when we dine out, we take less serving of vegetables and fruits. The fast foods we take from fast food restaurants are associated with high calories and low essential micronutrients. This is one of the factors that have been cited in ex plaining the high statistics of African American people struggling excessive weight gain (Karmeen & Kulkarni, 2004). Generally, most African Americans get at least three children. This has an advantage of providing the family members of an African American family with familial support that is good for esteem and health. A large family size is good for health especially in terms of providing care to each other even when ailing. Despite this advantage, a large family size contributes to reduced nutritional care especially in light of the generally low socioeconomic status of many African Americans. This taxes the quality of health of

Is leadership and management the same of different Analyse different Essay

Is leadership and management the same of different Analyse different perspectives and present your argument - Essay Example The question is worth-discussing, so this work will try to define who leaders and managers are and what are their tasks through the history of leadership and management beginning from 80th till the formation of modern approach. Leaders and managers: who are they? One of the simplest approaches to differentiation of management and leadership was presented by Prof. John Kotter in his book â€Å"A Force for Change†. â€Å"The purpose of leadership is seen in bringing about movement and useful change and the purpose of management is to guarantee stability, consistency, order and efficiency† (Kotterman, 2006). Both, leadership and management are important for success of any organization. From definition suggested by Kotter it is clearly seen that it is not only possible to interchange these concepts, but it should be mentioned that these concepts define quite different things: management is for stability, leadership is for change. Moreover, it is quite relevant to note that managers and leaders can be people from the same class. A very interesting explanation of management and leadership is given in the book â€Å"Leaders: The Strategies for Taking Charge† (1985): â€Å"Managers are people who do things right and leaders are people who do the right thing† (Fairholm 1998, p. 17). ... This interest was caused by the growing development of Japanese business world. Japanese organizations had their secret: they substituted mechanical function of managers by a facilitative and developmental function (Fairholm, 1998). In America this tendency was ‘wrongly copied’ and managers were mixed up with leaders by a mistake. This process is perfectly described in the following citation: â€Å"To punish managers for letting us down, we blessed leaders with the good-guy styles and damned management with the bad-guy ones. The next step was to portray leaders as transformational and managers as transactional† (Kotterman, 2006). It is clearly seen, that in 80s it was rather hard to differ between managers and leaders. Moreover, a function of managers was even neglected and very often at that time managers were described as ‘control freaks’ (Kotterman, 2006). Kotter’s claim was one of the most understandable at that complicated period: he claim ed that managers have to deal with difficulties and leaders are focused on change and innovation. Generally, in 80s the main interest of scientists and researchers was focused on leaders, while the function of managers was not interesting for them anymore. Managers’ function to motivate employees for successful performance was taken away from them by leaders. In the book â€Å"Leadership and Performance Beyond Expectations† (1985) Bernard Bass claims that leaders have to be responsible for human resources motivation. The main drawback of researches and studies of that time was a lack of attention to the performance of leader’s functions. In other words, these studies were not practically implemented (Fairholm, 1998; (Martin, 1999). It